South America’s frame drum traditions carry the fingerprints of three continents at once — Indigenous, African, and European. Brazil’s pandeiro, born from Portuguese tambourines and remade by Afro-Brazilian rhythm into one of the most technically virtuosic frame drums in the world, is the best-known example. Further south, Chile and Argentina preserve something altogether different: the cultrún, a ceremonial drum with no European ancestry at all. Explore Brazil and Chile below.