Portugal’s adufe is the one major instrument missing from this site that we’d already been referencing — it’s the actual ancestor of Spain’s pandereta and, by extension, half the instruments documented elsewhere on this site. Unlike every round frame drum covered so far, the adufe is square: a wooden frame roughly 12 to 22 inches per side, double-skinned (skin stretched on both faces, not just one), with small seeds, stones, or metal pieces sealed inside to rattle as it’s played. See the Adufe page below.